10 Homework Excuses

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10 Places To Find Free Online Homework Help

10 Places To Find Free Online Homework Help To do that, it’s necessary to get to the bottom of every concept truly. Having some of these bookmarked in your browser will aid your homework every time you need to check something quickly. Online dictionaries, encyclopedias, and vocabularies are easy to access and can serve you for any homework you need to solve, at all times. You could call him or her during office hours or send an email at any time. Try to do this well in advance so it doesn’t look like you’re doing your homework at the last minute. Sometimes getting answers for homework is as simple as running a quick search through Google. Your assignment contains too many questions you need to cover in details. When asking a question, students assign how much they are willing to pay. We assume no responsibility for errors or mistakes. We reserve the right to make deletions, additions, or modifications to the content at any given time without prior notice. In some cases we may be compensated on an affiliate basis when users take certain actions. In order to comply with FTC guidelines we want to be transparent that ScholarshipOwl may get compensated by companies and/or partners based on an affiliate or advertiser partnership. You will also get paid each time another student gets access to your answers. The work I got was not bad in terms of use of English as some companies tend to deliver, but it was far from good enough for the price they gave me. I literally paid over $30 for page for homework in the form of an essay. The content had some errors and needed a lot of editing. This was a very bad part of my review of pay me to do your homework. If you’re stuck on a homework problem and you just can’t figure out the answer, there are homework answers websites that can assist you. These sites work in different ways, either connecting you to a homework tutor or providing straightforward answers. Some are more reliable than others â€" some are free, some cost money. We’ll help you navigate these online resources for homework help in this quick guide. PCMag.com is a leading authority on technology, delivering Labs-based, independent reviews of the latest products and services. We might get compensated for example for mentioning partners, by you, the user, making a clicking, purchasing, or signing up for a product or service through a tracking link. In no way are we responsible for the accuracy, relevance, timeliness, or completeness of any information on these external websites. Also, you can always contact your professor for help. The woman in the video says that they accept writers with a Bachelor’s degree, which for me, was a bit of a setback. Most of the good companies I’ve reviewed have at least Master’s degree-holding writers, if not writers with a PhD. Even so, I gave paymetodoyourhomework.com a test run. This is particularly true with study tests, because many instructors use the same study test questions for their classes. If one of those instructors has posted the answers online, there’s a good chance Google will find it. Our expert industry analysis and practical solutions help you make better buying decisions and get more from technology. Our Nerds admit that one of the most common issues that students have is applying theoretical information they get during lectures to solve actual homework tasks. The subreddit we’re focusing on here is the Homework Help one. First, this subreddit has a lot of active users , and there’s a couple of hundred online at any time of the day. So, if you ask a question in this community, you’re most likely to get a response. It may be so if you don’t know how to cheat on homework so that no one suspects. Instead of copying off your fellow student’s assignment 5 minutes before the class, you may want to learn the ways to do homework easier.

Al Capone Does My Homework By Gennifer Choldenko

Al Capone Does My Homework By Gennifer Choldenko This may only be true for other homework help websites that may compromise the quality of your paper. We have been in the business of helping students with homework writing for many years now, and we are proud of what we have been able to achieve. Our support team is available twenty-four hours a day, and you are therefore able to receive assistance at any time. We are not here to only do homework for you for money. That would not fully benefit students who will continue to need to submit essays. If you may be looking for someone to do homework urgently for you, we are the best possible choice for you. We will help you crash those biology, math and history assignments proving to be a nightmare to you so that you can concentrate on other important life choices. There is this stressing feeling that you develop when your instructor tells you to do your homework. More often than not, you want to find shortcuts or other ways to free yourself from the ever nagging college homework. Something then crosses your mind “it is risky and all wrong to pay someone to do my homework”. We understand your struggle and can assist you with your homework writing needs. Indeed, we are number one destination to get homework done online without regrets. We epitomize professionalism in every aspect of our service. Whether you need to write a simple essay or you’ve been assigned to work on some more serious project, we’ll deal with the task effectively. Need help in creating a bibliography or writing a case study? Any type of homework assignment will be done at the top level, from scratch as well as plagiarism free if you choose our UK company. Find it difficult to cope with lots of homework and getting high grades? There are three simple words that can work magic - send the “Do my homework” request to us online. With all of the responsibilities that they face, they might find themselves unable to complete all of the homework that they need to complete in good time. So, how can colleges and stakeholders establish if students are getting the right amount of homework? And instructors are leery to grant students additional time to finish homework, yet some college homework entails fulfilling time-consuming essays. Overall, majority of students believe that homework is unnecessary burden. It is no surprise then why many students are seeking homework help from websites that do my homework for money. We are a reputable UK writing company that offers top-quality assistance to students of all academic levels. Time constrain is among the greatest considerations for students seeking help with college homework. Don’t want to pay too much to get the superior-quality homework done? Our experts can meet all your requirements and even exceed the expectations! Find out why thousands of students have chosen our UK writers for hire and come back daily with new help requests. If our expert writer hasn’t met your expectations to some possible extent, don’t hesitate to give us your feedback. Tell us what you dislike, and we’ll improve the content of the paper instantly. Want to hire the best professional writing team in the UK? Our aim is to help you to develop your own writing skills through interaction with our homework writing experts. Our homework tutors are university graduates, delivering very high quality and they even imitate your exact writing style. You keep the little secret “can I pay someone to write my homework? ” Absolutely, yes and always receive your paper ahead of the deadline. You want someone to do statistics homework for you, yet it is at least 10 pages of calculations. This urgency leaves you with the feeling of “can someone do my homework cheap” and deliver on time? I know you had a long day and you require time to rest.

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20% Off On Do My Homework For Me Cheap Before I went home from school, I slathered on a large amount of hair beeswax to maintain my attractive image before I went out in public. As I was biking home, I heard an ear-splitting buzzing sound so I instantaneously turned around to distinguish it. I was shocked to see a swarm of bees ready to harass me. I did not know how to tell you this, but I have no pencil's at my house on account of my family taking on this new kind of lifestyle. They have become environmentalist extremists, meaning they don't want anything in the house that was killed to be used. After they saw me take out my paper and pencil to start on this miraculous homework assignment they immediately began tearing up the pieces in my face. Maybe if you gave me another chance sir, I could go and do all my work in the library and turn it in later today. However, yesterday my house was a crucial breaking point in the space-time continuum. Completion of my homework within this junction would at best would improve my grade in this class, but at worst bring a total collapse to this localized region of space and time. For the good of the group, and the future of the human race, I could not do my homework. I hope you understand the gravity of the situation and extend some manner of leniency. Your head and your body are young, but they still need to be harmonious. I'm truly sorry teacher for not doing my homework. They can individually make a plan to complete work. Many students ask how to get motivated to do my homework fast. This is important to realize something more valuable money and information. Get Rid of Feeling Nervous or Help Me with My Homework A Studentship is full of moral tense and constant pressure. It is advisory to get some rest from time to time, especially avoid the tough cases when deadlines are coming up, but you are still working on the homework assignment. With all the energy I had, I biked as fast as I can until I lost control and hit a husky. The bike landed on my head, the bees swarmed my face, and the husky bit my arms. Due to this I was unable to read, think, or write properly in order to do my homework. As an excellent student, I cannot possibly submit work that is not completed with my best effort. Last night when I was taking a break from my walk home I found an article online that said stress leads to many health problems. Well, when I saw this the homework you assigned us troubled me because it was a very stressful bit of work you gave us. A. During study hall, I will review my assignments and gather all the materials which I need to bring home to complete my homework. Scientific research can prove the opposite and, according to the study, role, develop the quality of student’s information. This is true for elementary school that invented work, and why? The primary purpose of given work, students can recover all vital information about concepts. While taking my binder from class, I ran into a stampeding herd of rushing students that uniformly marched to their cars to go home from an exhausted day. I could not fight the flow of traffic and through my persistent pushing, I lost grip of my binder and watched it sweep away under the feet of my peers. Following both with my eyes and feet I tried to run after it, watching it pursue a trail further and further away from me. B. Before leaving study hall, I will think to myself, “Do I have everything I need to do my homework? ” At the start of the school year, my study hall teacher will prompt me. Later on, if needed, I will wear a watch with an alarm and use it to remind myself to check for materials at the end of the school day. Finally reaching the outskirts of the parking lot, I ran after it and was suddenly stopped in my tracks as the stampeding students turned into vicious road raged cars trying to escape the campus. Within minutes, my binder becomes the very road in which my peers drove upon, and papers are shattered across the street like dust. My homework papers returned to nature in a more digestible form.

Goodbye To Homework For Some Elementary Schools And Classes

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Goodbye To Homework For Some Elementary Schools And Classes

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Homework Answers

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Do My Homework For Me Cheap

Do My Homework For Me Cheap You are not sure whether you will be able to complete the Science project, which has more completion points, in one single day. Well, the smart choice will be to finish the Science project first as it has more completion points. Urgency â€" View your schedule to find the most pressing tasks at hand. If you need to complete Math assignment day after tomorrow and English assignment tomorrow, start with English assignment first. Before I explain to you the 8 secret techniques to complete your homework fast, it’s important to understand why we do homework and what purpose does it serve. What we’ve learned so far shows that homework is not purely bad or purely good. The student may feel the homework is boring and tedious. Unable to complete the work at home due to lack of material for the home assignment. As they grow older, they form a habit of not completing the homework. But you can make use of it in your short breaks. What you need to do is, create a Facebook group, add all your classmates in it, and post questions on its wall if you get stuck in some problem. This will be a great way to help each other and complete the homework. One of the most important things while completing the homework is â€" to learn. Don’t do the homework just for the sake of completing it. Try to learn as well while doing it; this habit will take you a long way. So pick a time you feel most comfortable for studying. Then make a routine for studying in those specific hours. And thus, you will spend more time on a job and usually that time will be more than you would have needed. Work on the assignment for 45 minutes and takes breaks of 10 minutes, after each interval. In this digital age, we can quickly access vast information, but it comes with the challenge of increased distractions. The teachers and professors do not see it this way. Most of them think that doing homework is good for the student’s grades. They just want the homework to be completed, no matter what. Jessica is a former admissions professional who now shares her insider knowledge to help students and their families as they move through the college admissions process. Doing too much at the same time will lower your productivity. After a few days, your mind will start responding in ways you want to.Take small breaks in between. Start with 45 min of studying followed by 15 min of rest. Slowly when your concentration level begins to increase, start reducing the break time. Find yourself a quiet place free from distractions to do your homework. Credits â€" Try completing the assignment which has more completion points. For instance, if you need to submit a Math’s assignment tomorrow and you have to submit a science project a day after tomorrow. I know it’s really tough for some students, but you’ll have to learn it at some point in your life, one way or the other. When some parents help their children in completing the homework, they sometimes use a different technique to teach, other than that used by the teacher. Students face the extra pressure of completing the homework from their parents. Too much and complex homework leads to a loss of interest in academic material. It increases the willingness to learn even during leisure times. It’s too much for them to get the right books home, complete the homework and take back the homework next day. The homework assigned to the student is very lengthy for the student’s working speed.

Photomath App Will Do Your Homework For You

Photomath App Will Do Your Homework For You More than two-thirds of students said they used alcohol and drugs, primarily marijuana, to cope with stress. That study, which appeared in Frontiers in Psychology, noted serious health effects for high schoolers, such as chronic stress, emotional exhaustion, and alcohol and drug use. More than 80 percent of students reported having at least one stress-related symptom in the past month, and 44 percent said they had experienced three or more symptoms. We are here to get in touch with a relevant expert so that you can complete your work on time. We make sure that each work we deliver is perfect, but we always spare our customers the chance to make amendments. All the clents can request free revision and corrections within 10 days after the final version of paper is delivered. All of papers you get at Domyhomeworkfor.me are meant for research purposes only. The researchers asked students whether they experienced physical symptoms of stress, such as headaches, exhaustion, sleep deprivation, weight loss, and stomach problems. That study, published in The Journal of Experimental Education, suggested that any more than two hours of homework per night is counterproductive. Well any right thing teacher would not debate about that. However, using this excuse too many times will also get you caught too. “You can have a rigorous course and not have a crazy homework load,” Pope said. It’s also important for schools and teachers to stick to the 10-minutes per grade standard. Experts continue to debate the benefits and drawbacks of homework. Use a handy calculator to check out the price of your order and then fill out a quick order form, sharing your assignment details and making a secure payment. Determine what you’re reward is going to be after the time limit.Iced coffee, Facebook, an article you have been wanting to read, an email you need to write, a walk outside, bicep curls, etc. One day, I got so sick of not enjoying homework that I decided to figure out how I could enjoy it. If you are a student or have ever been a student, you most likely hate or have hated homework at one point in your life. You could say one of your relative, like Grandpa just died. For kids in first grade, that means 10 minutes a night, while high school seniors could get two hours of work per night. Both the National Education Association and the National PTA support a standard of “10 minutes of homework per grade level” and setting a general limit on after-school studying. All your requirements will be followed in and out. When the deadline comes, log in to your customer area and download the completed assignment. Doing free revisions (on the customer’s demand.) Use days of free revisions to make changes in the texts if you need any. We’re open to any revision requests to work on texts double-quick in order to make homework even more compelling. An assignment could be called excellent only if there are no grammar, style, punctuation, and formatting mistakes. That’s why we’ll proofread and edit every line carefully to provide you with a 100% correct assignment. More accurate than the idea that 98% of what we learn is a waste is the idea that it changes. Since most of what we learn isn’t from reading books and taking tests in school, the idea that learning is synonymous to education is the actual problem. Every second your brain is processing inputs from all of your senses. The brain learns things and makes associations that we are not even aware of. It doesn't matter whether we speak a short essay or a serious case study, there always has to be a powerful thesis statement. Your writer will write an engaging, attention-grabbing thesis statement your tutor will most definitely appreciate. Every customer has their own prompt with individual instructions. Upload such file when making an order, and you writer will know how to proceed with your homework in the most effective fashion. Kindergarteners received 25 minutes of homework per night, on average. But according to the standards set by the NEA and NPTA, they shouldn’t receive any at all. The researchers found that first and second graders received 28 and 29 minutes of homework per night. Published in The American Journal of Family Therapy, the 2015 study surveyed more than 1,100 parents in Rhode Island with school-age children. Experts say there may be real downsides for young kids who are pushed to do more homework than the “10 minutes per grade” standard.

9 Sites That Pay You To Do Homework For Others

9 Sites That Pay You To Do Homework For Others Nerdify is a writing service where the ordering process occurs via messenger. I found this approach less convenient, but probably there are certain advantages in it which some customers may find beneficial. The only issue is whether one may trust this service. When It comes to writing an essay, I come here for fresh ideas and templates. This may or may not factor into the calculation for how much to pay. If you want to establish a good relationship with an assignment service, you’ll want to charge a consistent rate. “We definitely don’t say ‘no homework’ but we try to keep it reasonable,” said Cherie Stobie, principal at the K-8 Marion school in Marion, Montana. Rewards could be being able to watch a show, eat ice cream, play a game, or going out and doing something fun. At the end of a long day, you may be mentally and physically tired. If you go straight into homework it may take you a long time to finish and it won’t be your best work. Speaking of workspace, you probably prefer doing your homework in front of the TV, but that can actually be the biggest distraction of all. Sitting in front of the TV is probably slowing you down, making homework time seem much longer that it actually is. More than 10,000+ Customers from around the globe trust us because we have a great track record of delivering high-quality assignments. Owing to the fact that we have homework assistants who have a high sense of professionalism we can guarantee 100% originality, quality, and timeliness with every order. So, it is better to refuse fromhome assignments and do something more useful, right? It is not only a trick to which people resort; this is something students should do. By cheating homework, students learn how to behave in the unexpected situations, under conditions of stress and frustration. They will need this skill in the future adult life. The authenticity of our custom essay writing and confidentiality of all information are guaranteed. Let us start this journey together and you will never want to choose another way of finding answers on the most important topics. The quality of the paper that I got on Nerdify didn’t impress me at all. My “nerd” wasn’t a good one and made quite a lot of silly mistakes in the assignment. They were not critical, but still, it is not what one expects when he or she applies to a nerd who is supposed to write an assignment well. After a short conversation with a support agent, I learned that the company promised to revise a paper free of charge if the customer was not satisfied with the result. In case the nerd working on your assignment fails to follow the initial instructions and provides a wrong paper to the customer, the latter may request a 100% refund. To discover what people say about this service, I started searching for nerdify reviews online. As always, I visited SiteJabber and TrustPilot to find the truth. There, as I expected, I found both positive and negative feedback, although there were noticeably more satisfied customers. Nevertheless, one negative comment contained a right statement - Trust the bad reviews. He thinks all school children should be doing homework, but the amount and type should vary depending on age and developmental levels. Some schools and individual teachers are revising their homework policies to ensure that they are effective, he said. At North Trail Elementary School, in Farmington, Minnesota, where he is principal, students do what he says is engaging homework. We have long time experience and knowledge that enables us to deliver best quality papers. What kind of teacher would like to waste their time teaching their classes, only to find out that their students are a bunch of cheaters? It de-legitimizes our teachers’ hard work to broaden students’ perspectives. If you give yourself a reward when finishing your homework, it makes it a lot easier to start your homework the next time and you’ll get through it faster. Since you’ve now identified all your assignments, figure out everything you need to get each item done and bring it to your workspace so it’s there when you need it. Just attach your paper and get all the answers to homework you need!

Can You Help Me Do My Homework?

Can You Help Me Do My Homework? Moreover, each student is able to get access to online tutorials which will help to learn the subject. If you do not have time to complete homework by yourself, ask us to do it. We have plenty of authors that will be happy to assist you with the assignment. We work to simplify students’ life and make them get better grades every single day. Our cheap homework service is a treasure for millions of students all over the globe. The service is aimed at your convenience and maximum customer satisfaction. Our professional homework writing service will fulfill your assignment anytime, just ask for help and have the job done from scratch. A manager of the company will assign you with a smart, experienced academic author well-versed in your topical field. We have 1300+ writers in 30+ disciplines, including Math, IT, MBA, Arts, Humanities, Nursing, Law, and Management. When we promise to deliver within the deadline, we ensure we do so and still deliver a quality paper. Thats how you take advantage of our reliable homework services. Our custom writing services include editing, proofreading and free revisions. Asked to pay someone to do my homework twice and was always content. I like discounts and holidays sales, it always helps to save a great deal of money. I am a student working part-time so the service is still quite expensive for me, but I need time to work and study, so if I have funds and there are discounts, I will sure order more. Our site handles all kinds of assignments problems. If you have an order who deadline is close, you can place the order with an 8 hour deadline. If you need it sooner than that, simply talk to our support staff via live chat and receive a custom quote. We follow customers’ requirements and satisfy their expectations. Your professor will never find out who you paid for such brilliant paper because we care about our clients and assure them in 100% confidentiality. To order a paper from our service you have to call us, send an email or forward text “Do my homework for me cheap” in a live chat. We work 24/7, so we will see your request and urgently consider it. It is very easy to use our service because everything that you need in right in front of you on your computer screen. Making a ready assignment available for you to download. When an assigned time comes, feel free to have your homework downloaded from the Customer area. Such services are helpful in improving the quality of content and ensuring you get a passing grade. Your paper is bound to be authentic since all our work is written from scratch. Our professional writers will use the data you provide along with reputable sources and deliver a paper that is 100% unique, and guaranteed to hit the mark. To ensure that our customers always get what they need, we offer real-time chat with the expert working on your project, essay or do my homework for me paper. If you have any questions related to the order, do not hesitate to contact your writer through a private chat that you will find in your client area. Adding in the commute times, meal times, family gathering times, etc, it is natural that students are working late into the night completing homework! Also, when you don’t sleep enough, you start to get sudden mood swings, which can severely affect your performance in school and your relationships with your friends and/or family. Also, the highest cause of death in teenagers is car accidents, and not enough sleep can lead to those too! To think we can prevent this all simply by removing homework from students’ lives makes me continue to wonder why schools still give out homework. Read about the services and writers, find out prices and see what customers say about us. For our diligent efforts to reach every call of students asking to do my homework, we have emerged as one of the best service portals with high efficiency for making students’ task trouble-free. We excel in our satisfaction ratio, and students have rated maximum votes for our expert writing services. Meet your assignment writing experts and get online assignments help from the best rated. Experts will do homework for you following all the US academic standards in terms of homework writing. From a blank sheet, an expert will work on texts to present you with an all-new written piece which lives up to your order instructions and expectations. In conclusion, I believe that homework should be banned from school. Some people might say that it is the student’s’ fault that they are sleeping late. What they have not realized and considered is that most students live far away from school!

Can You Help Me Do My Homework?

Can You Help Me Do My Homework? Moreover, each student is able to get access to online tutorials which will help to learn the subject. If you do not have time to complete homework by yourself, ask us to do it. We have plenty of authors that will be happy to assist you with the assignment. We work to simplify students’ life and make them get better grades every single day. Our cheap homework service is a treasure for millions of students all over the globe. The service is aimed at your convenience and maximum customer satisfaction. Our professional homework writing service will fulfill your assignment anytime, just ask for help and have the job done from scratch. A manager of the company will assign you with a smart, experienced academic author well-versed in your topical field. We have 1300+ writers in 30+ disciplines, including Math, IT, MBA, Arts, Humanities, Nursing, Law, and Management. When we promise to deliver within the deadline, we ensure we do so and still deliver a quality paper. Thats how you take advantage of our reliable homework services. Our custom writing services include editing, proofreading and free revisions. Asked to pay someone to do my homework twice and was always content. I like discounts and holidays sales, it always helps to save a great deal of money. I am a student working part-time so the service is still quite expensive for me, but I need time to work and study, so if I have funds and there are discounts, I will sure order more. Our site handles all kinds of assignments problems. If you have an order who deadline is close, you can place the order with an 8 hour deadline. If you need it sooner than that, simply talk to our support staff via live chat and receive a custom quote. We follow customers’ requirements and satisfy their expectations. Your professor will never find out who you paid for such brilliant paper because we care about our clients and assure them in 100% confidentiality. To order a paper from our service you have to call us, send an email or forward text “Do my homework for me cheap” in a live chat. We work 24/7, so we will see your request and urgently consider it. It is very easy to use our service because everything that you need in right in front of you on your computer screen. Making a ready assignment available for you to download. When an assigned time comes, feel free to have your homework downloaded from the Customer area. Such services are helpful in improving the quality of content and ensuring you get a passing grade. Your paper is bound to be authentic since all our work is written from scratch. Our professional writers will use the data you provide along with reputable sources and deliver a paper that is 100% unique, and guaranteed to hit the mark. To ensure that our customers always get what they need, we offer real-time chat with the expert working on your project, essay or do my homework for me paper. If you have any questions related to the order, do not hesitate to contact your writer through a private chat that you will find in your client area. Adding in the commute times, meal times, family gathering times, etc, it is natural that students are working late into the night completing homework! Also, when you don’t sleep enough, you start to get sudden mood swings, which can severely affect your performance in school and your relationships with your friends and/or family. Also, the highest cause of death in teenagers is car accidents, and not enough sleep can lead to those too! To think we can prevent this all simply by removing homework from students’ lives makes me continue to wonder why schools still give out homework. Read about the services and writers, find out prices and see what customers say about us. For our diligent efforts to reach every call of students asking to do my homework, we have emerged as one of the best service portals with high efficiency for making students’ task trouble-free. We excel in our satisfaction ratio, and students have rated maximum votes for our expert writing services. Meet your assignment writing experts and get online assignments help from the best rated. Experts will do homework for you following all the US academic standards in terms of homework writing. From a blank sheet, an expert will work on texts to present you with an all-new written piece which lives up to your order instructions and expectations. In conclusion, I believe that homework should be banned from school. Some people might say that it is the student’s’ fault that they are sleeping late. What they have not realized and considered is that most students live far away from school!

Do My Homework Cheap

Do My Homework Cheap And there is a risk involved in paying for homework, so make sure you understand the consequences. But if you really need the help, there are alternative ways, like paying for homework! Or even getting a study group together, or seeing your professor during office hours. But be extra careful sending payments to any company! If you want an outline for your project in addition to the actual research, no problem. Just ask an expert to include it in your final request and enjoy your free time. We offer unlimited number of revisions for any order. This means that if you aren’t satisfied with your project or its certain part, ask your assistant to revise it. It takes a couple of minutes to see what it will cost you, a while to answer all of their questions , and then you can proceed to pay. But, the agents are kind enough to help you out, so you shouldn’t have problems with this. Homework will always be homework and whether you do it or not is completely up to you. It is not a guarantee for anything at all, nothing in life is guaranteed. This service is completely free of charge â€" we appreciate our customers and eager to meet their guidelines. Our support team is ready to help with homework 24/7, whenever you need it. Make sure the payment is secure and refundable, in case something goes wrong or it’s not quality enough. Assignment Expert accepts payment securely through Paypal, a trusted payment portal, so you can feel comfortable sending payment. There are many ways that a homework company can be scams, so do your research and never send an insecure payment or give out your bank information over the phone. Look up reviews and testimonials by others, and even search Reddit with the company name. The bad about paying for homework can be a long list, depending on who you ask. If caught plagiarizing, it may result in a zero for the course or even worse, expulsion. But other than the consequences, the homework you don’t do is all the material you aren’t learning or practicing. This defeats the purpose of going to Uni to study if you aren’t able to handle the workload and study and learn in your own way. ”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related emails. We are ready to get started on your homework, no matter what type you have. An abstract is 275 words max; it highlights the key points indicated in the larger paper and is used to reveal the main topic. As said, we have a lot of writers in our databases, and most of them are highly professional academic service providers who can handle almost any kind of task. You just need to send us the complete instructions, and we will find the proper writer for you. I didn’t like the fact that I won’t know if I can count on them when I need them. It’s a very small service, probably because of the lack of popularity â€" they only have around 75 writers on board. It’s not even simple to get papers from paymetodoyourhomework. Even so, I gave paymetodoyourhomework.com a test run. There’s no way to learn what deadline options there are. You need to reach out to pay me to do your homework and tell them what you need. They’ll review that and tell you if they’re able to meet your deadline. Well, as soon as I received my first paper from the EduBirdie, I knew that we were going to stick for a while. If you want to use an essay writing help then the one Edubirdie offers is excellent. I am not strong with English written text, so using this site was a blessing. Be certain of the quality of the provided assignment help. With over 450 dedicated writers we’ll get your homework done for you in as little as 3 hours. The idea of paying someone for something that I was supposed to do at home seemed awkward to me at a first glance.

Do My Homework Cheap

Do My Homework Cheap And there is a risk involved in paying for homework, so make sure you understand the consequences. But if you really need the help, there are alternative ways, like paying for homework! Or even getting a study group together, or seeing your professor during office hours. But be extra careful sending payments to any company! If you want an outline for your project in addition to the actual research, no problem. Just ask an expert to include it in your final request and enjoy your free time. We offer unlimited number of revisions for any order. This means that if you aren’t satisfied with your project or its certain part, ask your assistant to revise it. It takes a couple of minutes to see what it will cost you, a while to answer all of their questions , and then you can proceed to pay. But, the agents are kind enough to help you out, so you shouldn’t have problems with this. Homework will always be homework and whether you do it or not is completely up to you. It is not a guarantee for anything at all, nothing in life is guaranteed. This service is completely free of charge â€" we appreciate our customers and eager to meet their guidelines. Our support team is ready to help with homework 24/7, whenever you need it. Make sure the payment is secure and refundable, in case something goes wrong or it’s not quality enough. Assignment Expert accepts payment securely through Paypal, a trusted payment portal, so you can feel comfortable sending payment. There are many ways that a homework company can be scams, so do your research and never send an insecure payment or give out your bank information over the phone. Look up reviews and testimonials by others, and even search Reddit with the company name. The bad about paying for homework can be a long list, depending on who you ask. If caught plagiarizing, it may result in a zero for the course or even worse, expulsion. But other than the consequences, the homework you don’t do is all the material you aren’t learning or practicing. This defeats the purpose of going to Uni to study if you aren’t able to handle the workload and study and learn in your own way. ”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. We’ll occasionally send you promo and account related emails. We are ready to get started on your homework, no matter what type you have. An abstract is 275 words max; it highlights the key points indicated in the larger paper and is used to reveal the main topic. As said, we have a lot of writers in our databases, and most of them are highly professional academic service providers who can handle almost any kind of task. You just need to send us the complete instructions, and we will find the proper writer for you. I didn’t like the fact that I won’t know if I can count on them when I need them. It’s a very small service, probably because of the lack of popularity â€" they only have around 75 writers on board. It’s not even simple to get papers from paymetodoyourhomework. Even so, I gave paymetodoyourhomework.com a test run. There’s no way to learn what deadline options there are. You need to reach out to pay me to do your homework and tell them what you need. They’ll review that and tell you if they’re able to meet your deadline. Well, as soon as I received my first paper from the EduBirdie, I knew that we were going to stick for a while. If you want to use an essay writing help then the one Edubirdie offers is excellent. I am not strong with English written text, so using this site was a blessing. Be certain of the quality of the provided assignment help. With over 450 dedicated writers we’ll get your homework done for you in as little as 3 hours. The idea of paying someone for something that I was supposed to do at home seemed awkward to me at a first glance.

Becoming Your Best In The Worst Of Times

Becoming Your Best In The Worst Of Times In 1900, journalist Edward Bok railed against schools assigning homework to students until age 15. He encouraged parents to send notes to their children's teachers to demand the end of all homework assignments, and thousands of parents did so. Others looked at the new child labor laws in the United States and noted that school time plus homework exceeded the number of hours that a child would be permitted to work for pay. In 1901, the California legislature passed an act that effectively abolished homework for anyone under the age of 15. Failing a class is not in your plans for this semester and you want to avoid it. At Helpwriter.com, we offer you to focus on the important subjects and pay more attention to the classes that will be helpful in the future. Professors and teachers keep assigning essays and students keep working to avoid the task. If you are always asking your friends, “Will you do my assignment? Yes, we are able to get your homework done in no time. We have expert writers and editors online all the time, 24/7. In other words, we can start working on your assignments late in the night and have them ready in the morning. Every day students have to face multiple assignments, which are not easy to complete. That is why they decide to turn to professional writing services, which are always ready to assist them in delivering essays or any other assignments according to all of the requirements. One of such companies is StudyDaddy, ‘my homework helper’, as thousands of students call us. Pay4homework’s PhD and MA staff manages all course-related assignments in fields like material science and programming. On the chance that you have tiring math assignments, code work or even experimental issues, don’t delay to contact our developers, researchers and mathematicians. Simply arrange a “Get my work done” task on our site. This question may pop up in your head when you will be looking through the numerous services that offer students their assistance. Leave all the rest to us as it is an indeed effective way of doing your homework without facing its stressful impact. Get assignment help for Australian students of all academic levels round-the-clock. Our professional team will do any type of assignment before the deadline. Just submit your request “Do my assignment Australia” and enjoy your free time while our specialists are working on your project. The writers at MyCustomEssay.com will craft 100% original essays to meet the requirements for your assignment so you will never had to ask your friends to do my assignment writings again. You never have to worry about the writers giving you a recycled essay or stock essay from the Internet. Your teacher will not be able to find your essay online because it will be sent directly to your email to maintain your privacy and academic integrity. Best online service that can do my homework for me. The best homework help online website where professional course-work assignment assistance is offered is Pay4homework. Homework portal is devoted to learners of all levels including secondary school, universities and colleges. We understand how difficult it may be when a student has so much paperwork to do. ” you will be happy to know that MyCustomEssay.com is here to say yes to your question. You no longer have to look to your friends to do my homework because the professional writers at MyCustomEssay.com will do your writing homework for an affordable rate in the time that you need. Complaints from parents were common at all levels of society. In 1880, Francis Amasa Walker convinced the school board in Boston to prohibit teachers from assigning math homework under normal circumstances.

Do My Homework Online

Do My Homework Online It is sometimes an awkward situation that, more likely than not, will leave you asking whether you can pay someone to do your homework. At GeekMyHomework, we help you get the best out of your education. Specifically, we help you in tackling all the difficult homework assignments that you come across during your studies. You have your PhD thesis, your master’s degree dissertation, your college coursework, and at school, the dreaded homework. When you have some refusals from your teacher concerning your writings, there is no reason to be depressed. With their great experience, you can get a well-written essay written from four hours to two weeks. With our service, you can get answers to all academic questions. Being self-consistent is great as long as you do not harm yourself with this type of behavior. If you start to ignore your basic needs (to have a rest, to eat, etc.) because of the heavy workload, you might need to change something. Getting good grades for your homework assignments is not worth forgetting about your desires and needs. We understand than you are a mere student juggling between surviving and living. That's why we can do your homework at very friendly rates. Whether that happens frequently or once in a blue moon, we are here for you. And, once you you discover the sweetness of online homework help and the relief it brings with it, you will never cease from ordering with us. Your freedom to interact, to party and to participate in other co-curricular activities will finally be availed to you, thanks to our helping hand. It is all about prioritizing your tasks and time-management. If you understand that there is not enough time to cope with everything that is on your list, find someone who would support you. The modern life of students let them order papers without even leaving a dorm room. At GeekMyHomework, you can pay writers to do your homework for you. Now don't be scared that the charge could be exorbitant. You may have a logical goal of passing a course and scoring high. And you can achieve it without sacrificing your health. You have a chance to get fast homework help and spend the rest of your day more productively. You spend all day at school, college or university and then you’re expected to come home and spend even more time doing essays. If anything, our homework writing service is cheaper than about 90% others. We totally understand your frustrations when time isn't on your side, or when you can't seem to quite get the gist of the question. We also get the fact that your professor might not be bothered by the fact that you could be having a pile of homework and assignments from other units. WriteMyEssayOnline is a service that helps students understand their material better. Our writers can help with the formatting style and how to write the work accurately with an academic approach. When you fill the order form, include all of your instructions and details. This helps the writer you choose to better understand the subject and write your essay sample efficiently. Never have I though there's so convenient and affordable writing service online. Our service is available around the clock and from any part of the world. Use this creative approach to solving your problems and make an investment in your future. Some students are used to doing everything on their own without asking someone else to help them.

American Revolutionary War and Urban Artisans - Free Essay Example

How did Britain attempt to restructure its colonial empire from 1688 to 1763? Were the years of the early eighteenth century a period of â€Å"salutary neglect? † Britain attempted to restructure its colonial empire from 1688 to 1763. One of various attempts was constructing a more coherent administration. In 1696, a professional Board of Trade replaced the old Lords of Trade and Parliament created overseas vice-admiralty courts. This would help England control who its colonies traded with and the vice-admiralty courts would help, without juries, prosecute smugglers who evaded the trade regulations set forth in the Navigation Acts. By doing all this England was quietly installing a machinery of imperial management tended by a corps of colonial bureaucrats. Parliament was mainly concerned with economic regulation and so added new articles such as fur, copper, and hemp to the list of items produced in the colonies, which had to be shipped to England before being shipped to another country. Parliament also curtailed colonial production of articles important to Englands economy but most importantly the passed the Molasses Act in 1733. Although Parliament tried to restructure its colonies by trying to stop colonial trade with other countries, it was unsuccessful because the acts, laws, and taxes were not enforced completely. For example,One attempt of stopping trade between New England and the French West Indies was by imposing a prohibitive duty of six pence per gallon on French slave-produced molasses. This turned many of New Englands largest merchants and distillers into smugglers. The years of the early eighteenth century were a period of â€Å"salutary neglect. This was a time of peace or was actually a period of time-out in which both England and France used in the years until 1739 to strengthen their war-making capacity. Though this was known as a period of â€Å"salutary neglect†, in reality it was an era when King and Parliament increased their control over colonial affairs. what made republicanism a revolutionary ideology in the eighteenth century? What criticisms did revolutionary Americans level against the British monarchy? Between 1763 to 1774 the colonists had been expressing many reactions to the crisis with Britain. Most of these reactions took the form of newspaper articles and pamphlets which were written by educated lawyers, clergymen, merchants, and planters. But not just the educated expressed themselves, the middling and lower ranks of society did as well. This part of the society did so in printed broad-sides, appeals on newspaper, and even ideologically ladden popular rituals. From this, the colonists pieced together a political ideology, which borrowed partly from English political thought, the theories of the Enlightenment, and their own experiences. This new ideology was called â€Å"revolutionary republicanism†. But no single coherent ideology united the colonists. Revolutionary Americans began to criticize the British monarchy because they believed that England was carrying out â€Å" a deep-land and desperate of imperial depotism for the extinction of all civil liberty. † Because of this belief, every ministerial policy and parliamentary act in the decade after the stamp act appearred as a subversion of English liberties. By 1774, John Adam was writing of the â€Å" conspiracy against the public liberty that was first regularly formed and began to be executed in 1763 and 1764. † Another writer who shared his ideas from London was Benjamin Franklin. He described the â€Å" extreme corruption prevalent among all orders of men in the old rotten state†. Many other writers like them expressed their thoughts as well. Merchants also expressed their beliefs. Since the attack on constitutional rights blended closely with the threats to their economic interest, many merchants saw a coordinated attack on their â€Å"lives, liberties, and property. † According to many, if a man was not secure in his property, he could nott be secure in his citizenship, for it was property that gave a man the independence to shape his identity. These were some of the various forms of criticisms made by the revolutionary Americans. How did the growing revolutionary sentiment from 1764 to 1776 impact urban artisans, women, and farmers. The growing sentiment from 1764 to 1776 had an impact on urban artisans, women, and backcountry farmers in America. The urban artisans played an important role in forging and enforcing a non importation agreement in 1768. They were the ones who called public meetings, published newspaper appeals, organized boycotts, and tarred and feathered their opponents. Many merchants complained on what the artisans were doing. They said that mere artisans had â€Å"no right to give their sentiments respecting an importation. † But artisons did not care for what they had to say and forged ahead. By1772 artisans began lobbying for reform laws, were filling elected municipal positions, and insisted on their right to participate in nominating assemblymen and other important officeholders. And by 1774, the working classs meddling in state affairs reached a bold new stage- a defacto assumption of governmental powers by committees created by the people at large. Women also played an important role in the movement toward revolution. There most important role was to facilitate the boycott of Enlish goods. Besides that, women also signed nonimportation agreements, harssed complying merchants and helped organize â€Å"fast days†. Women were the key to making the nonconsumption pacts a success. They would weave cloth and spin yarn. The women began to have contests to publicize their commitment and in 1769, the women of tiny Middletown, Massachusetts, set the standard by weaving 20,522 yards of cloth, about 160 yards each. And after the Tea Act, the interjection of politics into the household economy increased as patriotic women boycotted their favorite drink. Nonetheless, women played a vital role in the movement toward revolution. Farmers formed associations after getting no satisfaction from legals forms of protest , which were called Regulators. Regulators forcibly closed courts, attacked the property of their enemies, and whipped and pblicly humiliated judges and lawyers. These actions were a key role in the movement toward revolution.

Introduction to Global Economics and Business Assignment

Essays on Introduction to Global Economics and Business Assignment The paper â€Å"Introduction to Global Economics and Business" is a   potent example of an assignment on finance accounting. What steps have been taken by the IMF to undo some of the criticisms that it has been subjected to by economists? There is a widespread critique of the IMF that states its policies hurt local populations and the environment (due to cuts in social spending in its policies). Will these measures address these criticisms as well?IMF has been criticized for its conditionalities, which exist because of the Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs), which can greatly reduce the level of government spending in the economy, an increment of interest rates, and deregulation and privatization. However, this has hurt the local populations, because the inflation rates have increased, and the standard of living in many countries have been witnessed to decrease. Privatization, although done to provide competition has its disadvantages, as well. Private firms may be largely ign orant of the environment, because they may exploit the resources to a great extent. However, one of the steps that the IMF has undertaken to reduce this criticism of conditionalities is to introduce programs, which do not have conditionalities in certain circumstances. The Flexible Credit Line (FCL) does not have the traditional conditionality. Sometimes, when a complete revamp of the economic system is not required, the IMF offers financial assistance under Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) and Rapid Credit Facility (RCF). Prior actions may be required, but no present actions will need to be warranted (IMF.org, n.d).Read the following and answer the questions that follow.Australians fret about their almighty dollar, By Sid Astbury May 2, 2011.Economists tell you that the 380 workers sacked when Germany's Robert Bosch GmbH shifted car parts manufacturing from Melbourne to South-East Asia could jump on a plane for Perth and land better-paying jobs driving big trucks in the labor-starv ed ore pits.It would show in a microcosm that Australia was behaving according to international trade theory and giving up manufacturing. Specialization has worked a treat, according to Chris Richardson, an economist with business consultancy Deloitte Access. 'The world is throwing more money at us than we've seen in more than a century and unemployment is already less than five percent and headed lower,' he said.Sounds too good to be true? It is.The mining boom has helped inflate the value of the Australian dollar. It has gained 11 percent in value against the US dollar in the last six weeks. A higher dollar makes imports cheaper but it makes life hell for manufacturers, for those in tourism and for those hawking services like education in foreign markets.'Businesses are seeing competitiveness stripped from beneath them,' said industry lobby group leader Heather Ridout.Calling on the Reserve Bank of Australia to intervene in the money markets to help save manufacturing and trade-ex posed service industry jobs, she said that when currency appreciation 'starts to drive structural change in the economy, people should be asked to justify whether it is a good thing or not.'The central bank does trade currencies, but currently, it is sitting on its hands. Ridout and others would like to see the bank follow its counterparts in the United States, China, and Japan, and engineer devaluation. The chief job of the central bank is to hold down inflation and a strong currency helps with that.'Increasing interest rates is hard work,' HSBC economist Paul Bloxham said. 'If the exchange rate does some of the work for you in terms of slowing down some parts of the economy, I think that's regarded as a good thing.'One reason the Aussie dollar is soaring is that the markets are betting that the bank, which has kept the cash rate steady at 4.75% for six months, will be forced to raise interest rates in the coming months to choke off inflation.A rate rise will make holding the dolla r even more attractive - and strip even more competitiveness from the manufacturers that Ridout wants protecting.Griffiths University economics professor Tony Makin estimated the rising dollar had the equivalent effect of chopping 40 percent from the protection that some Australian manufacturers receive. But he does not see the central bank able to help the withering manufacturing sector.'All in all, the staggering commodity price hikes worldwide cannot be ignored as a signal of higher inflation to come, with the Reserve Bank will be obliged to try to counter by raising domestic interest rates,' he said.Manufacturing employs 10 times as many people as mining. And most new mining jobs will be in city-based professional services like accountancy rather in positions that could be filled by those thrown off Bosch's production lines in Melbourne.So far, the central bankers are resisting pressure on them to bash the local unit down. What Ridout fears may come to pass: a high Aussie dollar and even higher interest rates.Questions:2a. The article makes a reference to international trade theory as if there were only one such theory.   As a little review of last week, which trade theory is being used?  Theory of Comparative Advantage, because specialization is being done, in such a way that Australia is benefitting. Other countries may also be in the mining industry, but Australia is better on the edge. Manufacturing has also been forsaken because it does not provide that much effectiveness.2b. Based on the Lufthansa case, explain the options that Australian manufacturers would have to deal with the currency issue in the article.  Since imports have become cheaper, the Australian manufacturers face the problem that the people in the country will not buy their goods, because they would be expensive compared to imported goods. Additionally, the manufacturers will not be able to compete in the international market effectively, because the Aussie dollar has gotten so expensive that people will not trade their currency to buy an Aussie product. This will also lead to a balance of trade deficit because the volume of imports will increase and the value of exports will fall. The Lufthansa case (1985), in which the dollar was greater than the German currency, involved an aero-plane, which had been pre-ordered and the dollar was bound to increase. In this way, the company was going to lose out. However, the current situation in Australia is completely reversed. Hedging can be used by Australian manufacturers in much the same way that was done in the Lufthansa case. Before adopting the Euro, the Greek currency was the drachma. Setting aside the debates around who’s to blame for the crisis, why would a Greek business owner be interested in keeping the Euro? Which industries? Conversely, why might other firms/industries prefer to return to the Drachma? If the currency were reintroduced, let us assume that the drachma would depreciate against major currencies after its release.A Greek business owner would be interested in keeping the Euro, because he/she will be able to trade easily with the European world, even if the exchange rate market fluctuates, his business would not be affected. Business owners, belonging to the manufacturing industry (because they can import raw materials at much the same price) and those belonging to the tourism industry will find it beneficial because traveling would become easier and cheaper for everyone. Tourism would definitely increase. Other industries might prefer a return to Drachma because, in times of depreciation of the Drachma against major industries, manufacturers who are exporting abroad widely will benefit because the price of the Greek goods will below. However, those producers, who are producing goods that have elastic demand will benefit in such times.What are the key factors that have contributed to the increased growth of the international equity markets? Why is this good for fi rms?The main reason for the increase of the international equity markets includes this idea that the investors will gain access to markets, in which the demand for shares for equity ownership is quite high. In the 1990s, this trend increased, especially in Europe. Privatization, liberalization and open trade have led to the growth of international equity markets. It is good for different firms, because it leads them to be diversified, which means that if they lose in some other investment or another area, they can avail the profits from another equity market.

Functions of Management free essay sample

This seminar would not have been possible without the assistance of a number of eminent persons. First of all I thank God almighty for blessing this venture and finish successfully. I express my sincere thanks to Head of the Department, MBA Narayanaguru College Of Engineering,Chennai for his encouragement and support for the successful completion for this seminar. I also express my sincere gratitude to my guide, for the kind assistance, supervision, encouragement and constructive criticism, which gave me constant support amidst of her busy schedule throughout my seminar work. I also express my wholehearted gratitude to all my classmates who have co-operated and supported for doing this seminar. I also thank my family members for their loving support. I extend my sincere thanks and gratitude once again to all those who helped me to make this undertaking a success. INTRODUCTION Management is a universal phenomenon. It is a very popular and widely used term. All organizations business, political, cultural or social are involved in management because it is the management which helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose. According to Harold Koontz, â€Å"Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can co-operate towards attainment of group goals†. According to F. W. Taylor, â€Å"Management is an art of knowing what to do, when to do and see that it is done in the best and cheapest way†. Management is a purposive activity. It is something that directs group efforts towards the attainment of certain pre determined goals. It is the process of working with and through others to effectively achieve the goals of the organization, by efficiently using limited resources in the changing world. Of course, these goals may vary from one enterprise to another. E. g. : For one enterprise it may be launching of new products by conducting market surveys and for other it may be profit maximization by minimizing cost. Management is often included as a factor of production along with‚ machines, materials, and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909-2005), the basic task of management includes both marketing and innovation. Practice of modern management originates from the 16th century study of low-efficiency and failures of certain enterprises, conducted by the English statesman Sir Thomas More (1478-1535). Management consists of the interlocking functions of creating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an organizationsresources in order to achieve the objectives of that policy Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources. One of the first persons to sit down and try to work out what managers do (and what they should do) was a Frenchman called Henri Fayol. Fayol was a mining engineer who became the managing director of an ailing coal mining firm and turned it into a highly successful coal and steel business. All this took place between 1888 and 1918, when he retired. In 1916, after many years of thinking about the job of the manager, he published a small book called General and Industrial Management. Henry Fayol was years ahead of his time in linking strategy and organizational theory and in emphasizing the need for management development and the qualities of leadership. Igor Ansoff, in Corporate Strategy (1965) said that Fayol ‘anticipated imaginatively and soundly most of the more recent analyses of modern business practice,’ although Peter Drucker in his great compendium Management: Tasks, Responsibilities and Practice (1973), criticized the application of Fayol’s functional approach to larger and more complex organizations than the one he knew and managed. Oddly enough, it was years before a translation appeared in English, even though it contains a great deal of wisdom and sense. Henri Fayol, the father of the school of Systematic Management, was motivated to create a theoretical foundation for a managerial educational program based on his experience as a successful managing director of a mining company. In his day, managers had no formal training and he observed that the increasing complexity of organisations would require more professional management. Fayols legacy is his generic Principles of Management. Of Fayols six generic activities for industrial undertakings (technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting, managerial), the most important were The Five Functions of Management that focused on the key relationships between personnel and its management. The Five Functions are: 1. Planning drawing up plans of actions that combine unity, continuity, flexibility and precision given the organisations resources, type and significance of work and future trends. Creating a plan of action is the most difficult of the five tasks and requires the active participation of the entire organisation. Planning must be coordinated on different levels and with different time horizons; 2. Organising providing capital, personnel and raw materials for the day-to-day running of the business, and building a structure to match the work. Organisational structure depends entirely on the number of employees. An increase in the number of functions expands the organisation horizontally and promotes additional layers of supervision; 3. Commanding optimising return from all employees in the interest of the entire enterprise. Successful managers have personal integrity, communicate clearly and base their judgments on regular audits. Their thorough knowledge of personnel creates unity, energy, initiative and loyalty and eliminates incompetence; 4. Coordinating unifying and harmonizing activities and efforts to maintain the balance between the activities of the organisation as in sales to production and procurement to production. Fayol recommended weekly conferences for department heads to solve problems of common interest; 5. Controlling identifying weaknesses and errors by controlling feedback, and conforming activities with plans, policies and instructions. Fayols management process went further than Taylors basic hierarchical model by allowing command functions to operate efficiently and effectively through co-ordination and control methods. For Fayol, the managing director overlooked a living organism that requires liaison officers and joint committees. The first and last functions—planning and control—are immediately recognizable from the analysis that has just been carried out, and indeed there tends to be less argument generally about these two functions than about others. Organizing is, of course, similar to planning in that it is concerned with preparation for some future events. But whereas planning is the more glamorous activity of deciding on the overall future direction of the business, organization is that tough, demanding business of putting together the elements in such a way that the overall plans succeed. Command is seen as the function that actually makes things happen. It is really derived from military practice, and no doubt in Fayol’s time all employees in organizations responded to command. The very word suggests ‘ordering about’ and has been the subject of a great deal of debate and argument. Fayol did not really intend it to be taken in a very narrow sense, but rather in the sense of making sure that things get done—the actual operations of the organization. As a result, all kinds of substitute words have been used in its place—like ‘direction’ and (horribly) ‘actuating’. The fifth function of management in Fayol’s view is that of co-ordination. It is concerned with harmony, with making sure that all the bits work together, and, like an orchestra under its conductor, play the same tune. This is the only function that does not seem easily to stand on its own and will be found to be part of planning, of organizing, of control, and the key to successful operations themselves. An organization, therefore, begins with a strategic plan or definition of goals, progresses to a structure to put that plan into action, is carried forward by controlled activity between manager and workforce, has the work of its disparate departments harmonized by coordinated management and, finally, is subject to checks on the efficiency of its working, preferably by the ndependent ‘staff’ departments separate from the functional departments. The five functions of management have been adequately discussed, but there are two other aspects of management that Fayol mentioned that must be looked at separately. Fayol believed that a manager obtained the best performance from his workforce by leadership qualities, by his knowledge of the business and his workers, and by the ability to ins till sense of mission. Qualities needed in a manger: †¢ Physical: healthy, vigorous; Mental: ability to understand and learn, judgment, mental vigor, adaptability; †¢ Moral: firmness, acceptance of responsibility, initiative, loyalty, tact; †¢ General Education: good general knowledge; †¢ Special Knowledge: for the work; †¢ Experience Fayol also stressed on the importance of managerial training, ‘steady, methodical training of all employees at all levels’, and made the point that a manager should not ignore his responsibility for his own training. Fayol’s 14 principles derive from the circumstance that Fayol felt that management was not well defined. In his striving to change this circumstance he suggested â€Å"some generalized teaching of management† to be a main part of every curriculum at places of higher education and even beginning in â€Å"primary schools† . Fayol’s dedication to this idea is demonstrated by the fact that after retirement he went on to not just write books about management ideas, but more importantly, he found the Centre For Administrative Studies (CAS) in 1917 in Paris . The CAS mainly functioned as a centre of discussion between professionals from a large variety of professions, in order to further the knowledge and understanding of management principles. Discussion is what Fayol had in mind, when he presented his 14 principles . In Fayol’s own words: â€Å"Are they [the principles] to have a place in the management code which is to be built up? General discussion will show†. In the following I will discuss each of his principles under the aspect of a comparison with examples, historic or modern, and in relation to other theoreticians of management, in order to examine how Fayol’s principles hold up as â€Å"management code† today. Following are the fourteen principles of management developed by the Henry Fayol: Division Of Work The idea of division of work, or as Adam Smith called it â€Å"division of labour†, in 1776 probably goes back to the beginning of work itself. Fayol recognizes this in considering specialization as part of â€Å"the natural order† comparing it to the organs of the body . â€Å"The object of division of work is to produce more and better work with the same effort†, Fayol describes. This very objective has not been altered in today’s labor. In a sense this principle is the fundamental feature of modern economy, allowing for the largest increases of productivity. Peter F. Drucker informs us, that the 20th century has seen a rate of 3% productivity increase per year, hence productivity has risen 50 fold since the time of Frederick Taylor, who acted as a catalyst in the development of division of work . An example of this fact can come from early industrialization, namely the Ford motor company , where Taylor’s system of a scientific approach was applied. Taylor was interested in skill development by means of standardization and functional specialization . One worker would assemble the dashboard, another would assemble the wheels, and yet another would paint the exterior. The effects of this are well known and lead to Ford becoming not just the predominant car maker but also the inventor of the conveyer-belt production system- revolutionizing many industries. However, one could argue that extremes of division of work could lead to undesired effects. Division of labor can ultimately reduce productivity and increase costs to produce units. Several reasons as causes for reduction in productivity can be thought of. For example, productivity can suffer when workers become bored with the constant repetition of a task. Additionally, productivity can be affected when workers lose pride in their work because they are not producing an entire product they can identify as their own work. Douglas M. McGregor for instance cautions that â€Å"people, deprived of opportunities to satisfy at work the needs which are now important to them, behave†¦with indolence, passivity,†¦lack of responsibility,†¦unreasonable demands for economic benefits† . This circumstance was probably well recognized by Fayol, when he states that the â€Å"division of work has its limits which experience and a sense of proportion teach us may not be exceeded† According to Henry Fayol under division of work, The worker always on the same post, the manager always concerned with the same matters, acquire an ability, sureness and accuracy which increases their output. In other words, division of work means specialization. According to this principle, a person is not capable of doing all types of work. Each job and work should be assigned to the specialist of his job. Division of work promotes efficiency because it permits an organizational member to work in a limited area reducing the scope of his responsibility. Fayol wanted the division of work not only at factory but at management levels also. 2. Authority and Responsibility Authority and responsibility go together or co-existing. Both authority and responsible are the two sides of a coin. In this way, if anybody is made responsible for any job, he should also have the concerned authority. Fayols principle of management in this regard is that an efficient manager makes best possible use of his authority and does not escape from the responsibility. In other awards when the authority is exercised the responsibility. In other awards when the authority is exercised the responsibility is automatically generated. The division of an enterprise into distinct departments, each independent of the others but subject to a common authority, has diverse causes such as the great growth of business, or a diversity of operations demanding very different capabilities or the physical separation of the various activities. Whatever the cause for which this division into departments exists, one must, under the penalty of duality of command, make sure that each service and each function is clearly defined and delimited. These departments, functions and powers, created arbitrarily, generally have no independent existence; one could always constitute them differently and they can be changed. But as soon as they have been instituted they must be defined and delimited very clearly. If not, certain parts will be neglected or forgotten while other parts will be handled by several authorities at once. Much vigilance is necessary to avoid these twin perils. The definition of departments and functions carries with it, naturally, the specifications of rights, duties and responsibilities for each. Each must know to whom and for what he gives orders, to whom and for what he must obey. On the other hand, each person in authority at every hierarchical level must always be familiar with what is going on in all areas under him. The means that can be used to carry out this responsibility are: direct supervision, control, meetings, reports and a good accounting system. 3. Discipline The Dictionary Larousse defines this as follows: A group of unspoken rules or of written rules intended to ensure good order and regularity in a company or an assembly. ’’ This definition seems to me to be exact. Here we are not faced with the principle but an essential rule contingent or dependent on the goal, the constitution, the personalities and so on. These rules, which are as numerous as they are varied, have almost exclusively as their goal the achievement of Unity of Command and its corollaries. The rights, duties, responsibilities, and the place of each person must be determined and specified. Good rules greatly facilitate the progress of events. But whatever the value of these rules might be, their effectiveness and discipline itself will always depend on much tact, much skill and the conduct of the leaders. According to Henry Fayol discipline means sincerity about the work and enterprise, carrying out orders and instructions of superiors and to have faith in the policies and programmes of the business enterprise, in other sense, discipline in terms of obedience, application, energy and respect to superior. However, Fayol does not advocate warming, fines, suspension and dismissals of worker for maintaining discipline. These punishments are rarely awarded. A well disciplined working force is essential for improving the quality and quantity of the production. 4. Unity of Command As an enterprise grows, there comes a time when the leader can no longer provide personal direction to every employee: he therefore appoints intermediaries to transmit directives and to supervise their execution. As the enterprise grows even further, the leader cannot even direct these first level intermediaries and he is obliged to create others to transmit his directives to the first and thus a hierarchy is formed. Its origin is therefore independent of Unity of Command’’: it results from a limitation of personal abilities. But the principles of Unity of Command’’ requires that the Leader pass through these intermediaries to reach the lower-level employees; departure from these regular channels provokes duality. Such is the Hierarchical transmission of orders’’ which is commonly known as the Hierarchical Principle. The results of ignoring this principle are ruffled feelings; discontent, discouragement and conflict, just like the result of ignoring the fundamental principle. Nevertheless, infractions are fairly frequent though sometimes caused by good intentions: for example, perhaps there is an agent at the third level who, finding that the normal channels are too long, gives orders directly to a first-level employee (X1), without passing through X2; meanwhile someone at the fourth level (X4) believing that he hasn’t been understood, or for some other reason, gives direct orders to X2, resulting in a duality of command and the inevitable consequences; discontent, confusion of responsibilities and the work is held up. In practice one constantly has to compromise respect for the hierarchical channel with the need for timely response. A subordinate should take order from only one boss and he should be responsible and accountable to him. Further he claimed that if the unit of command is violated, authority is undermined, disciplined in danger, order disturbed and stability threatened. The violation of this principle will face some serious consequences. In this way, the principle of unity of command provides the enterprise disciplined, stable and orderly existence. It creates harmonious relationship between officers and subordinates, congenial atmosphere of work. It is one of the Fayols important essential principle of management. 5. Unity of Direction Fayol summarizes this principle with the words: â€Å"one head and one plan for a group† . Hence, this point is naturally closely connected to the unity of command principle. Again Sloan and GM can serve as an example. Sloan introduced a wide variety of metrics in order to measure the performance of departments and the firms that were part of the GM concern. His attitude is ummarized in his words: â€Å"We have such control over this ship [the GM corporation] that we know exactly where we are at all times† . Or as Fayol said: â€Å"Unity of direction is provided for by sound organization of the body corporate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . That means first one must know where to take the company and subsequently constantly assure that the plan is still on track. The success story of GM under Sloa n exemplifies the validity of this principleFayol advocates One head and one plan which means that group efforts on a particular plan be led and directed by a single person. This enables effective co-ordination of individual efforts and energy. This fulfils the principles of unity of command and brings uniformity in the work of same nature. In this way the principle of direction create dedication to purpose and loyalty. It emphasizes the attainment of common goal under one head. 6. Subordination of individual interests to general interests The interest of the business enterprise ought to come before the interests of the praise individual workers. In other words, principle of management state that employees should surrender their personnel interest before the general interest of the enterprise. Sometimes the employees due to this ignorance, selfishness, laziness, carelessness and emotional pleasure overlook the interest of the organisation. This attitude proves to be very harmful to the enterprise. An organization is much bigger than the individual it constitutes therefore interest of the undertaking should prevail in all circumstances. As far as possible, reconciliation should be achieved between individual and group interests. But in case of conflict, individual must sacrifice for bigger interests. In order to achieve this attitude, it is essential that Employees should be honest amp; sincere. Proper amp; regular supervision of work. Reconciliation of mutual differences and clashes by mutual agreement. For example, for change of location of plant, for change of profit sharing ratio, etc. 7. Fair Remuneration to employees According to Fayol wage-rates and method of their payment should be fair, proper and satisfactory. Both employees and ex-employers should agree to it. Logical and appropriate wage-rate and methods of their payment reduces tension and differences between workers and management, create harmonious relationship and a pleasing atmosphere of work. Further Fayol recommends that residential facilities be provided including arrangement of electricity, water and facilities. 8. Centralization and Decentralization The command exercised by the higher authority and which, be it direct or through successive levels in the organization, reaches all parts of the organization, and the responses which return in the reverse sense, either directly or through the levels, to the central authority, constitute what one has rightly called Centralization. ’’ It is not an arbitrary institution nor is it optional. It is an inevitable consequence, enforced, in fact, by Unity of Command. Centralization can be practiced in greatly different ways: the field can be left open for individual initiative, or it can be completely stifled. One finds examples ranging from a rigid structure with only passive obedience, to a vibrant organism where freedom of action spreads out with the most perfect subordination. One leader, having great ability and a great influence can, without inconveniencing a small business, handle all matters, make his own decisions and impose a passive obedience: as the enterprise grows, such a leader will become inadequate and his method will be deplored. Another leader will give a lot of authority to his subordinates, but what happens if these subordinates are only mediocre? It is therefore a matter of degree: one must consider the importance of various circumstances, the special difficulties which they cause, their extent, the distance which separates the various parts of the business and so on: one must also take account of the value of the employees. Only consideration of the circumstances can decide the respective balance between power and initiative, which it may be convenient to give to all employees. At the same time, it seems certain to me, the matter of subordinating being separate, that one must give all employees the largest amount of freedom of action and initiative possible. The strength of the leaders is augmented through the strength brought by lower-level employees and therefore they must be developed to the maximum extent possible. Let us not forget, in passing, that personal satisfaction and self-respect are often stronger than self-interest when it comes to stimulating individual initiative. The great problem of centralization and decentralization can therefore be summarized s follows: compulsory centralization with the greatest possible individual initiative. As for the amount of authority and initiative to be given to each person, each case must be considered separately, it is the eternal question of degree, which is the great and continuing preoccupation of the administrator. Whether one buys or sells, builds or demolishes, recruits or dismisses, punishes or reward s, in a word acts or refrains from action, the line to follow is never clearly defined: one must select from various alternatives. Neither principles nor rules can abolish arbitrary decisions. There should be one central point in the organisation which exercises overall direction and control of all the parts. But the degree of centralization of authority should vary according to the needs of situation. According to Fayol there should be centralization in small units and proper decentralization in big organisation. Further, Fayol does not favor centralization or decentralization of authorities but suggests that these should be proper and effective adjustment between centralization and decentralization in order to achieve maximum objectives of the business. The choice between centralization and decentralization be made after taking into consideration the nature of work and the efficiency, experience and decision-making capacity of the executives. 9. Scalar Chain The scalar chain is a chain of supervisors from the highest to the lowest rank. It should be short-circuited. An employee should feel the necessity to contact his superior through the scalar chain. The authority and responsibility is communicated through this scalar chain. Fayol defines scalar chain as the chain of superiors ranging from the ultimate authority to the lowest rank. The flow of information between management and workers is a must. Business opportunities must be immediately avoided of. so we must make direct contact with the concerned employee. Business problems need immediate solution, so we cannot always depend on the established scalar chain. It requires that direct contact should be established. Every orders, instructions, messages, requests, explanation etc. ha s to pass through Scalar chain. But, for the sake of convenience amp; urgency, this path can be cut shirt and this short cut is known as Gang Plank. A Gang Plank is a temporary arrangement between two different In the figure given, if D has to communicate with G he will first send the communication upwards with the help of C, B to A and then downwards with the help of E and F to G which will take quite some time and by that time, it may not be worth therefore a gang plank has been developed between the two. Gang Plank clarifies that management principles are not rigid rather they are very flexible. They can be moulded and modified as per the requirements of situations 10. Order: According to Fayol there should be proper, systematic and orderly arrangement of physical and social factors, such as land, raw materials, tools and equipments and employees respectively. As per view, there should be safe, appropriate and specific place for every article and every place to be used effectively for a particular activity and commodity. In other words, principles that every piece of land and every article should be used properly, economically and in the best possible way. Selection and appointment of the most suitable person to every job. There should be specific place for every one and every one should have specific place. This principle also stresses scientific selection and appointment of employees on every job. One knows the formula for material order:a place for everything and everything in its place. ’’ At the same time should there not be a specified place for everything and someone designated to put everything in that place? Unity of Command indirectly deals with this matter by imposing delimitation of departments and of the authorities, which are responsible for them. Every act of the enterprise and everything belonging to it must have its respondent, that is to say, someone who is responsible for it. It is order in deeds and with things: it is the means of avoiding waste of material and time and for avoiding conflicts. Thus, Unity of Command appears with its retinue of secondary principles as an important and fundamental natural law, and this impression is only strengthened as one studies the point further. No one denies its importance; many people are vaguely aware of it but its value is only really appreciated by a few and if one considers that as with every good rule of housekeeping it gets in the way of imaginative solutions, one can explain why it is violated so often. Numerous infractions occur, such as orders which arrive at their destination without having followed the hierarchical route, such as the encroachment by one department upon another, such as the stopping or disarray of the administrative mechanism due to the absence of the leader, and so on. At least five times out of ten it is errors of this type, which upset the business. 11. Equity â€Å"Equity and equality of treatment are aspirations to be taken into account in dealing with employees†, Fayol says. Clearly, this standard is not easily achieved, however, today’s work environment is arguably more equipped to tackle this issue than previous generations of corporations. One indication for this claim is to be found in the fact that most companies have appointed officials who deal with complaints of employees against the management, for instance the so-called ombudsman . However, this system is naturally not fool proof and private organizations attempt to draw attention to the victims of mistreatment. One example is an organization taking care of claims of victims of mobbing within the company Novartis . While the problem still persists, Fayol’s principle is being recognized by corporations and enhanced by the public opinion and most importantly the lawmakers . Several nations, e. g. Germany, Sweden and others, intend to tackle the problem of unequal treatment by passing laws that intend to establish a juridical basis for people who fell victim of inequality. The principle of equality should be followed and applicable at every level of management. There should not be any discrimination as regards caste, sex and religion. An effective management always accords sympathetic and human treatment. The management should be kind, honest and impartial with the employees. In other words, kindness and justice should be exercised by management in dealing with their subordinates. This will create loyalty and devotion among the employees. Thus, workers should be treated at par at every level. Equity means combination of fairness, kindness amp; justice. The employees should be treated with kindness amp; equity if devotion is expected of them. It implies that managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with the subordinates. They should give similar treatment to people of similar position. They should not discriminate with respect to age, caste, sex, religion, relation etc. Equity is essential to create and maintain cordial relations between the managers and sub-ordinate. But equity does not mean total absence of harshness. Fayol was of opinion that, â€Å"at times force and harshness might become necessary for the sake of equity†. 12. Stability of use of personnel It is Fayol’s opinion that it is better to have a â€Å"mediocre manager who stays† than â€Å"outstanding mangers who merely come and go† . Fayol does not only apply this idea to management though, he also points to negative effects of a lack of stability when it comes to employees. While this point might be debatable to some extend it is clear that stability contributes to better planning possibilities. It also allows for a psychologically beneficial state of mind of the employees, hence certainly improving efficiency and the willingness to perform well for the corporation’s good. Apparently however, this rule of requirement has not sunken in generally. This is demonstrated by the fact that most countries have passed employee protection regulations when it comes to the reasons why people can be laid off. Internationally the International Labor Organization, a section of the United Nations, watches over various aspects of employment and also deals with unfair dismissals of employees . While from an employee perspective the protection laws make sense, employers may occasionally view this issue differently. In fact, it is easy to find web-blogs with advice how to fire workers without ensuing lawsuit and some influential individuals, for instance Chandrajit Banerjee, head of the Confederation of the Indian Industry , demands it to become easier to hire and fire in India . Maybe a way out of this dilemma and back to following Fayol’s principle can derive from an example Henry Chesbrough gave when discussing differences in culture between the USA and Japan . Chesbrough describes how little loyalty US-employees exhibit compared to the Japanese counterparts. He also analyses the reason as stemming from the fact that Japanese firms have a tighter relation to their employees. He for example points to a better social security system, like pension plans, in Japan. The spill-over effect that endangers US American companies to loose important innovative advantages by losing skilled employees to other companies is thereby contained in Japan. This example shows that stability of tenure is not only important but connected to social and cultural factors management must take into account if they want to maximize their productive capacity. It also shows, that this principle is a two-way street. While stability is important for the employee it is just as important for the employer. One would think that this leads to both parties pulling in the same direction. But as we can see from the above example, it requires a change of mind in some instances to establish an environment of trust and mutual care. Principle of stability is linked with long tenure of personnel in the organisation. This means production being a team work, an efficient management always builds a team of good workers. If the members of the team go on changing the entire process of production will be disturbed. It is always in the interest of the enterprise that its trusted, experienced and trained employees do not leave the organisation. Stability of job creates a sense of belongingness among workers who with this feeling are encouraged to improve the quality and quantity of work. Fayol emphasized that employees should not be moved frequently from one job position to another i. e. the period of service in a job should be fixed. Therefore employees should be appointed after keeping in view principles of recruitment amp; selection but once they are appointed their services should be served. According to Fayol. Time is required for an employee to get used to a new work amp; succeed to doing it well but if he is removed before that he will not be able to render worthwhile services†. As a result, the time, effort and money spent on training the worker will go waste. Stability of job creates team spirit and a sense of belongingness among workers which ultimately increase the quality as wel l as quantity of work. 13. Initiative Fayol summarizes the need for employees to show initiative in the saying, that â€Å"the initiative of all, added to that of the manager†¦represents a great source of strength for businesses† . He suggests to management to â€Å"inspire and maintain everyone’s initiative†. Some modernly run companies have come to find their special ways in order to ensure employee satisfaction, and, concomitantly their initiative. One example is again Google and their policy of â€Å"20% time† . This policy implies that employees get a large part of their time to invest in projects of their choosing. While these projects are not necessarily connected to their immediate work tasks experience has shown, that they often built the basis for spin-off ideas that benefit the firm. Others, like 3M and various Biotech and Pharmaceutical companies have followed suit, and it is said that 3M has developed the post-it notes as a spin-off of an idea conceived during a personal project period . As a Google employee put it: â€Å"the 20 percent policy is as important to attracting and retaining employees as it is to sparking fresh ideas†. Business professor Robert Fulmer at Pepperdine University adds: â€Å"Paradoxically, letting go of employees through independent projects can mean getting more from them. It’s a way to get people to go beyond what’s expected of them†. Apparently, with the right strategies a company can increase employee participation and initiative by given the â€Å"inspiration† Fayol requested from the management. Workers should be encouraged to take initiative in the work assigned to them. It means eagerness to initiate actions without being asked to do so. Fayol advised that management should provide opportunity to its employees to suggest ideas, experiencesamp; new method of work. It helps in developing an atmosphere of trust and understanding. People then enjoy working in the organization because it adds to their zeal and energy. To suggest improvement in formulation amp; implementation of place. They can be encouraged with the help of monetary amp; non-monetary incentives. Under this principle, the successful management provides an opportunity to its employees to suggest their new ideas, experiences and more convenient methods of work. The employees, who has been working on the specific job since long discover now, better alternative approach and technique of work. It will be more useful, if initiative to do so is provided to employees. In simple, to ensure success, plans should be well formulated before they are implemented. 14. Espirit De’ Corps (can be achieved through unity of command) It refers to team spirit i. e. harmony in the work groups and mutual understanding among the members. Spirit De’ Corps inspires workers to work harder. Fayol cautioned the managers against dividing the employees into competing groups because it might damage the moral of the workers and interest of the undertaking in the long run. To inculcate Espirit De’ Corps following steps should be undertaken There should be proper co-ordination of work at all levels Subordinates should be encouraged to develop informal relations among themselves. Efforts should be made to create enthusiasm and keenness among subordinates so that they can work to the maximum ability. Efficient employees should be rewarded and those who are not up to the mark should be given a chance to improve their performance. Subordinates should be made conscious of that whatever they are doing is of great importance to the business amp; society. He also cautioned against the more use of Britain communication to the subordinates i. e. face to face communication should be developed. The managers should infuse team spirit amp; belongingness. There should be no place for misunderstanding. People then enjoy working in the organization amp; offer their best towards the organization. In order to achieve the best possible results, individual and group effort are to be effectively integrated and coordinated. Production is a team work for which the whole-hearted support and co-operation of the members at all levels is required. Everyone should sacrifice his personal interest and contribute his best energies to achieve the best results. it refers to the spirit of loyalty, faithfulness on the part of the members of the group which can be achieved by strong motivating recognition and importance of the members for their valuable contribution, effective coordination, informal mutual social relationship between members of the group and positive and constructive approach of the management towards workers welfare SEMINAR 3 MANAGEMENT LEVELS Managers are organizational members who are responsible for the work performance of other organizational members. Managers have formal authority to use organizational resources and to make decisions. In organizations, there are typically three levels of management: top-level, middle-level, and first-level. These three main levels of managers form a hierarchy, in which they are ranked in order of importance. In most organizations, the number of managers at each level is such that the hierarchy resembles a pyramid, with many more first-level managers, fewer middle managers, and the fewest managers at the top level. Each of these management levels is described below in terms of their possible job titles and their primary responsibilities and the paths taken to hold these positions. Additionally, there are differences across the management levels as to what types of management tasks each does and the roles that they take in their jobs. Finally, there are a number of changes that are occurring in many organizations that are changing the management hierarchies in them, such as the increasing use of teams, the prevalence of outsourcing, and the flattening of organizational structures. Top-Level Managers Top-level managers, or top managers, are also called senior management or executives. These individuals are at the top one or two levels in an organization, and hold titles such as: Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Chief Operational Officer (COO), Chief Information Officer (CIO), Chairperson of the Board, President, Vice president, Corporate head. Often, a set of these managers will constitute the top management team, which is composed of the CEO, the COO, and other department heads. Top-level managers make decisions affecting the entirety of the firm. Top managers do not direct the day-to-day activities of the firm; rather, they set goals for the organization and direct the company to achieve them. Top managers are ultimately responsible for the performance of the organization, and often, these managers have very visible jobs. Top managers in most organizations have a great deal of managerial experience and have moved up through the ranks of management within the company or in another firm. An exception to this is a top manager who is also an entrepreneur; such an individual may start a small company and manage it until it grows enough to support several levels of management. Many top managers possess an advanced degree, such as a Masters in Business Administration, but such a degree is not required. Some CEOs are hired in from other top management positions in other companies. Conversely, they may be promoted from within and groomed for top management with management development activities, coaching, and mentoring. They may be tagged for promotion through succession planning, which identifies high potential managers. Middle-Level Managers Middle-level managers, or middle managers, are those in the levels below top managers. Middle managers job titles include: General manager, Plant manager, Regional manager, and Divisional manager. Middle-level managers are responsible for carrying out the goals set by top management. They do so by setting goals for their departments and other business units. Middle managers can motivate and assist first-line managers to achieve business objectives. Middle managers may also communicate upward, by offering suggestions and feedback to top managers. Because middle managers are more involved in the day-to-day workings of a company, they may provide valuable information to top managers to help improve the organizations bottom line. Jobs in middle management vary widely in terms of responsibility and salary. Depending on the size of the company and the number of middle-level managers in the firm, middle managers may supervise only a small group of employees, or they may manage very large groups, such as an entire business location. Middle managers may be employees who were promoted from first-level manager positions within the organization, or they may have been hired from outside the firm. Some middle managers may have aspirations to hold positions in top management in the future. First-Level Managers First-level managers are also called first-line managers or supervisors. These managers have job titles such as: Office manager, Shift supervisor, Department manager, Foreperson, Crew leader, Store manager. First-line managers are responsible for the daily management of line workershe employees who actually produce the product or offer the service. There are first-line managers in every work unit in the organization. Although first-level managers typically do not set goals for the organization, they have a very strong influence on the company. These are the managers that most employees interact with on a daily basis, and if the managers perform poorly, employees may also perform poorly, may lack motivation, or may leave the company. In the past, most first-line managers were employees who were promoted from line positions (such as production or clerical jobs). Rarely did these employees have formal education beyond the high school level. However, many first-line managers are now graduates of a trade school, or have a two-year associates or a four-year bachelors degree from college. Management Levels And The Four Managerial Functions Managers at different levels of the organization engage in different amounts of time on the four managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Planning is choosing appropriate organizational goals and the correct directions to achieve those goals. Organizing involves determining the tasks and the relationships that allow employees to work together to achieve the planned goals. With leading, managers motivate and coordinate employees to work together to achieve organizational goals. When controlling, managers monitor and measure the degree to which the organization has reached its goals. The degree to which top, middle, and supervisory managers perform each of these functions is presented in Exhibit 1. Note that top managers do considerably more planning, organizing, and controlling than do managers at any other level. However, they do much less leading. Most of the leading is done by first-line managers. The amount of planning, organizing, and controlling decreases down the hierarchy of management; leading increases as you move down the hierarchy of management. Time Spent on Management Functions at Different Management Levels   Several defining characteristics demarcate management skills and differentiate them from other kinds of managerial characteristics and practices. First, management skills are behavioral. They are not personality attributes or stylistic tendencies. Management skills consist of identifiable sets of actions that individuals perform and that lead to certain outcomes. Skills can be observed by others, unlike attributes that are purely mental or are embedded in personality. Whereas people with different styles and personalities may apply the skills differently, there are, nevertheless, a core set of observable attributes in effective skill performance that are common across a range of individual differences. Second, management skills are controllable. The performance of these behaviors is under the control of the individual. Unlike organizational practices such as â€Å"selectively hiring,† or cognitive activities such as â€Å"transcending fear,† skills can be consciously demonstrated, practiced, improved, or restrained by individuals themselves. Skills may certainly engage other people and require cognitive work, but they are behaviors that people can control themselves. Third, management skills are developable. Performance can improve. Unlike IQ or certain personality or temperament attributes that remain relatively constant throughout life, individuals can improvement their competency in skill performance through practice and feedback. Individuals can progress from less competence to more competence in management skills, and that outcome is the primary objective of this book. Fourth, management skills are interrelated and overlapping. It is difficult to demonstrate just one skill in isolation from others. Skills are not simplistic, repetitive behaviors, but they are integrated sets of complex responses. Effective managers, in particular, must rely on combinations of skills to achieve desired results. For example, in order to effectively motivate others, skills such as supportive communication, influence, empowerment, and self-awareness may be required. Effective managers, in other words, develop a constellation of skills that overlap and support one another and that allow flexibility in managing diverse situations. Fifth, management skills are sometimes contradictory or paradoxical. For example, the core management skills are neither all soft and humanistic in orientation nor all hard-driving and directive. They are oriented neither toward teamwork and interpersonal relations exclusively nor toward individualism and technical entrepreneurship exclusively. A variety of skills are typical of the most effective managers, and some of them appear incompatible. Regardless of organizational level, all managers must have five critical skills: technical skill, interpersonal skill, conceptual skill, diagnostic skill, and political skill. Technical Skill. Technical skill involves understanding and demonstrating proficiency in a particular workplace activity. Technical skills are things such as using a computer word processing program, creating a budget, operating a piece of machinery, or preparing a presentation. The technical skills used will differ in each level of management. First-level managers may engage in the actual operations of the organization; they need to have an understanding of how production and service occur in the organization in order to direct and evaluate line employees. Additionally, first-line managers need skill in scheduling workers and preparing budgets. Middle managers use more technical skills related to planning and organizing, and top managers need to have skill to understand the complex financial workings of the organization. Interpersonal Skill. Interpersonal skill involves human relations, or the managers ability to interact effectively with organizational members. Communication is a critical part of interpersonal skill, and an inability to communicate effectively can prevent career progression for managers. Managers who have excellent technical skill, but poor interpersonal skill are unlikely to succeed in their jobs. This skill is critical at all levels of management. Conceptual Skill. Conceptual skill is a managers ability to see the organization as a whole, as a complete entity. It involves understanding how organizational units work together and how the organization fits into its competitive environment. Conceptual skill is crucial for top managers, whose ability to see the big picture can have major repercussions on the success of the business. However, conceptual skill is still necessary for middle and supervisory managers, who must use this skill to envision, for example, how work units and teams are best organized. Diagnostic Skill. Diagnostic skill is used to investigate problems, decide on a remedy, and implement a solution. Diagnostic skill involves other skillsechnical, interpersonal, conceptual, and politic. For instance, to determine the root of a problem, a manager may need to speak with many organizational members or understand a variety of informational documents. The difference in the use of diagnostic skill acr0oss the three levels of management is primarily due to the types of problems that must be addressed at each level. For example, first-level managers may deal primarily with issues of motivation and discipline, such as determining why a particular employees performance is flagging and how to improve it. Middle managers are likely to deal with issues related to larger work units, such as a plant or sales office. For instance, a middle-level manager may have to diagnose why sales in a retail location have dipped. Top managers diagnose organization-wide problems, and may address issues such as strategic position, the possibility of outsourcing tasks, or opportunities for overseas expansion of a business. Political Skill. Political skill involves obtaining power and preventing other employees from taking away ones power. Managers use power to achieve organizational objectives, and this skill can often reach goals with less effort than others who lack political skill. Much like the other skills described, political skill cannot stand alone as a managers skill; in particular, though, using political skill without appropriate levels of other skills can lead to promoting a managers own career rather than reaching organizational goals. Managers at all levels require political skill; managers must avoid others taking control that they should have in their work positions. Top managers may find that they need higher levels of political skill in order to successfully operate in their environments. CONCLUSION * Management has been identified as the systematic body of knowledge based on general principles,concepts,theories and techniques which are variable in terms of business practice. These are embodied in the managerial functions of planning,organising,planning,controlling and directing which form the job of a manager. * In the organisation there are 3 levels called top level,middle level and lower level management ,each one having important role in smooth running of the organisation. * The lack of management skills will lead to poor decision making.